Re: Turkic presence in Azerbaijan since antiquety

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Re: Turkic presence in Azerbaijan since antiquety

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Historical Turkic presence in Azerbaijan:

200 B.C - 400 A.D Kabala is a capital of Caucasian Albania

131-140 A.D. Ancestors of Khazars settle in the lower regions of rivers Terek and Sulak

191-200 A.D. "Hordes of Barsiles and Khazars crossed Kura, but were defeated by Alans"(Source: Moisey Kalankatly "History of Albans")

Benchmark event: 226 A.D. Sassanian dynasty established in Iran (Non-Turkic)

381-390 A.D. Huns in Greece. Emperor Pheodosius invited Huns to join his army.

391-400 A.D. Huns overrun Syria and Mesopothamia(Iraq). Huns supress Gothish apraising in Byzantium.

400-600 A.D. Barda becomes capital of Caucasian Albania in VI century A.D.

441-450 A.D. Reign of Attila

451-460 A.D. Huns invade Azerbaijan

461-470 A.D. Saragurs invade Azerbaijan

511-520 A.D. Sabirs attack Iran and Asia Minor(Anatolia)

551 A.D. Kuturgurs invade Byzantium

559 A.D. Second Kuturgur invasion of Byzantium

551-560 A.D. Sabirs and Khazars invade Azerbaijan, but defeated by Sassanian Iran

589 A.D. Sassanian Iran defeats joint Byzantium-Khazar -Georgian assault on Azerbaijan

Benchmark Event: 593 A.D. peace between East and West Kok-Turks, restablishment of Great Khaganate, (Kok-Turk Empire)

623 A.D. Byzantine Emperor Irakli invades Azerbaijan

626 A.D. Byzantine and Kok-Turk army surround Tbilisi

629 A.D. Army of Kok-Turk Empire and Khazars enter Azerbaijan (Albania), defeating Persians. Azerbaijan is declared to be "eternal possesion" of Turks. The capital of Albania - Kabala renamed into Khazar. Albanian nobility and clergyman escape from Barda to the Albanian stronghold - Mountaineous Karabagh. [Source: "History of Albans" by Moisey Kalankatly] The next year both withdraw from Azerbaijan due to internal strife within Empire.

Benchmark event: 622 A.D. Muhammad's flight from Mekka to Medina Beginning of Islamic Era.(Non-Turkic) Around 640 A.D.: Sassanian Iran falls to Arabs.

645 A.D. Albanian prince Jevanshir's apprising against Persian rule in Azerbaijan(Albania)

656 A.D. Formation of Khazar Khaganate

660 A.D. Albanian prince Jevanshir defeats Khazars in Albania(Azerbaijan)

661 A.D. Arabs conquer Azerbaijan(Albania)

661-670 A.D. Arab-Khazar War in Azerbaijan.

683-684 A.D. Khazars invade Azerbaijan

693 A.D. Derbent conquered by Arabs

711-720 A.D. Khazars invade Azerbaijan, but defeated by Arabs in 737 A.D.

731 A.D. Death of Kul-Tegin

762 A.D. Khazars invade Azerbaijan and Transcaucasus.

764 A.D. Khazars take Tbilisi

791-800 A.D. Khazar raids in Transcaucasia. Clashes with Arabs.

Benchmark Event:(Europe) 800 A.D. Charlemagne crowned Emperor of Franks

Benchmark event: 837 A.D. Babek defeated by Arabs

861-870 A.D. Turks take power in Bagdad (866 A.D.); Rus' adopts Christianity.

941-950 A.D. Rus' army defeated in Azerbaijan

Early X century - fragmentation of Arab Caliphate, formation of feudal states in Azerbaijan

879-957 A.D. - Sajid state in southern and northern Azerbaijan - Shirvanshah state in Shirvan - Albanian Khachen principality in Mountaineous Karabagh(vassal of Sajid state)

941-981 A.D. Salarid state in south and north Azerbaijan and its vassals(Shirvanshahs, Sanaria, Ravvadids)

971-990 A.D. Kurds control Ganja and parts of Azerbaijan (Sheddadid state), wars with Shirvanshahs state.

983 - 1066 Nakhichevanshahs in Nakhichevan, Ravvadids in the sourthern Azerbaijan untill 1117

1051-1060 Seljuk Turks enter Azerbaijan

1136 A.D - Creation of the Atabek state of Azerbaijan, under Seljuk Shams ad-din Ildeniz(with capital in Barda), conquest of territories of other Seljuk atabeks in Iraq and Iran

1175 A.D. Death of Shams ad-din Ildeniz,his son Jahan Pehlevan becomes his successor "The lands of Azerbaijan's Atabek stretch from Tiflis to Mekran. They rule Azerbaijan,Arran, Jibal, Hamadan,Gilan Mazandaran, Isfahan and Rey"[Source: Ibn Al-Asir, Ibn-Al Haldun]

1175-1186 Further extension of Azerbaijan Atabek's state under Jahan Pehlevan. He is a ruler of "Iraq, Azerbaijan Arran, Jibal,Rey, Isfahan, Hamadan and other territories" [Source: Sibt ibn al-Jauzi, Ibn Haldun]

Benchmark Event: 1223 Kalka river battle between Rus' army and Mongols, Rus' army defeated

1225 A.D Mongol conquest of Azerbaijan. Collapse of Ildeniz Atabek state of Azerbaijan.

1221-1227 Georgian feudals occupy Sheki and Kabala, but later those cities are liberated and again become part of Shirvan

1239 A.D. Mongols take Derbent

1258-1410 Azerbaijan becomes a part of Hulaguid state(with Maraga, Tebriz and Sultaniye being its capitals at different times)

1300's Azerbaijan invaded by Timur the Lame (Teimurlank, Tamerlane)

late 1300's South Azerbaijan and Karabagh controled by Timur's son- Miranshah

1410 A.D. Southern Azerbaijan becomes part of Kara-Goyunly state with capital in Tabriz, under Kara-Yusuf. Shirvanshahs control Northern Azerbaijan Kara-Goynly controls Southern Azerbaijan, Iraq, Fars and part of Eastern Iran

1453 A.D. Ottoman Turks take Constantinopol

1468 A.D. Collapse of Kara-Goynly state under Jahanshah. Formation of Ak-Goynly state with capital in Tabriz, under the rule of Uzun Hasan. Its boundaries include Azerbaijan south of Kura, Armenia, Iraq, Luristan, Fars, Kerman

1501 A.D. Creation of Azerbaijani Safavid Empire under Shah Ismail I (Khatai), with capital in Tabriz. The Empire strethched from Syria and Eastern Anatolia in the West to India and Afganistan in the East. From Derbent in the North to Arabian Gulf in the south. It included entire Caucausus except Western Georgia.

1524 A.D. Death of Shah Ismail I. His son Takhmasiba I takes over the Empire.

1528 A.D. Shirvanshah state collapses under Safavid pressure

1521 A.D. Sheki ruler Hasan-bek asks Safavid help to stop Georgian advances on Sheki state

1551 A.D. Sheki feudal state collapses under Safavid pressure. Entire Azerbaijan territory is under Safavid control. Azerbaijan is divided into following principalities(beglerbeydoms): Shirvan, Karabagh(Ganja beglerbeydom), Chukhur-Saad(Yerevan beglerbeydom), Tebriz beglerbeydom.

1576 A.D. Qajars (Ustajlu and Rumlu tribes) become beglerbeys of Karabagh and Yerevan . Rule of Ziad-oglu family in Karabagh from that time untill Russian conquest in early XIX century

1590-1639 Safavid-Ottoman wars for control over Azerbaijan. Parts of Northern and Southern Azerbaijan, fall under the control of Ottoman Empire.

1720 A.D. Anti-Iranian apprising in Shirvan under sunni molla Haji-Davud. Haji-Davud takes Shemakha with help of Dagestanis and asks Ottomans for help. Peter I,tsar of Russia uses this as a reason to occupy coastal regions of Azerbaijan.Russo-Ottoman struggle for the sphere of influence.

1736-1828 Azerbaijani Qajars state in Iran and Azerbaijan, beginning with Nadir-Shah

1732-1735 Nadir Kuli-Khan succesfully combats Russians and Ottomans. Rasht and Ganja treaties return Azerbaijan's coastline to Azerbaijan Qajar state

1736 Reign of Nadir-Shah. Nadir Kuli-Khan Afshar crowned as Shah in Mugan (Azerbaijan) during celebrations of Novruz bayram. The end of Safavid dynasty.

1750-1813 Khanate period. Azerbaijan is divided and rule by khans in different regions of the country. There were following khanates: Yerevan,Karabagh, Nakhichevan, Ganja, Shemakha, Sheki, Baku, Guba, Derbent, Salian sultanate, Javad khanate, Talysh. In the southern Azerbaijan: Tebriz, Urmiye, Ardebil Khoi, Karadagh, Serab, Maraga and Maku khanates. The Karabagh khanate also inluded Varand, Khachen, Gulistan, Dizak and Jeraberd melikdoms, the remnants of Albanian nobility.

1755 Sheki khan Haji Chelebi conquers Kabala and Sheki sultanates, but defeated in wars with other khanates.

1761 Urmiye khan Fathali-khan Afshar attempt to unify Azerbaijan fails. Kerim-khan Zend and Karabagh's Penah Ali-khan defeat Fathali-khan Afshar

1758-1789 Fathali-khan of Guba unifies almost entire North Azerbaijan. With his death the union collapses.

1795 Qajar Aga Mohammed khan's army attack Nakhichevan, Yerevan and Talysh khanates, but fails to take Shusha.

1796 Russian army invades Azerbaijan, Aga Mohammed Khan withdraws to Iran. In the same year Russian army leaves Azerbaijan when tsarine Catherine II dies.

1797 Second invasion of Aga Mohammed khan and his successor Babakhan, fall of Shusha.

1797 New Russian Tsar Pavel I decides to send troops to Azerbaijan

1813,1828 Gulistan and Turkmanchay treaties. Split of Azerbaijan into two parts Sothern and Northern along the Araz river. Establishment of Russian rule in Azerbaijan.

1830 Abolition of khanates and creation of Armenian Oblast in place of Yerevan khanate. Over a million Armenians brought to former Yerevan khanate and Karabagh from Ottoman Empire and Iran by the mid XIX century.

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